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Objectives

• Describe the role of psychology in the management and treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) problems.
• Identify at least two treatment strategies GI psychology uses in the treatment of constipation.
• Examine the epidemiology and underlying mechanisms of pediatric constipation, with a focus on the prevalence of functional constipation and its multifactorial causes​.
• Outline the current diagnostic criteria, including the Rome IV guidelines, and emphasize the significance of differentiating functional from organic causes through a focused history and physical examination, and any clinical red flags​.
• Provide an overview of evidence-based management strategies, encompassing first-line pharmacologic treatments and non-pharmacologic measures.
• Review the evaluation and management strategies for refractory or treatment-resistant cases, highlighting when a referral is warranted, the use of advanced therapeutic options, and the role of multidisciplinary care involving GI psychology, behavioral, and pelvic therapy.

Practice Change

• Be more effective in referring patients to GI psychology and recognize treatment strategies that psychology uses.

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